"Acne is the most common skin condition in the U.S.," says Heather C. Lenz, PA-C, Dermatology team member at ARC Hutto. "Compared to other skin conditions, it's highly treatable, but it can be more challenging for some and often requires personalized care." Knowing what causes acne can help you care for your skin more effectively, avoid triggers, and make informed choices about treatment—so you can feel more in control and confident.
What causes acne?
The four main causes of acne are:
- Excess oil (sebum) production: When your skin makes too much oil, it can clog pores and lead to breakouts.
- Clogged hair follicles: Dead skin cells and oil can build up inside your hair follicles, creating an environment for pimples to form.
- Bacteria: A type of bacteria that lives on the skin can grow inside clogged pores, causing redness and swelling.
- Inflammation: When your body reacts to clogged pores or bacteria, it can trigger inflammation, making acne more noticeable and sometimes painful.
Other contributing factors may include:
- Hormonal changes: Shifts in hormones (like during puberty or pregnancy) can lead to more oil production and acne.
- Certain medications: Some drugs, like steroids or birth control, can affect hormone levels and trigger breakouts.
- Diet: While it's not the cause for everyone, some people notice more acne after eating foods high in sugar or dairy.
- Stress: Feeling stressed doesn't cause acne directly, but it can make it worse by affecting hormone balance and skin healing.
- Skin products: Using the wrong skin products, especially if they're too oily or harsh, can also make acne worse.
What are the symptoms of acne?
Acne can show up in many ways, including:
- Blackheads: Open plugged pores with a dark surface
- Whiteheads: Closed, clogged pores
- Papules: Small, red, and tender bumps
- Pimples (pustules): Papules that have a white or yellow head containing pus
- Nodules: Large, solid, painful lumps under the skin
- Cystic lesions: Painful, pus-filled lumps under the skin
Learn more about acne.
When to see a dermatologist or advanced practice clinician (APC)
If you've tried over-the-counter (nonprescription) acne products for several weeks and they haven't helped, ask your doctor about prescription-strength medications. A dermatologist or APC can help you:
- Control your acne
- Avoid scarring or other damage to your skin
- Make scars less noticeable
These specialists can help figure out the exact cause of your acne and create a personalized skin care plan. "Clearer skin starts with understanding of what's causing your acne. The right care—and a little patience—can make all the difference," says Heather.
Make an appointment today
Heather is accepting new patients of all ages. Schedule an appointment with Heather online, through ARC MyChart, or call ARC Hutto at 512-846-1244.